👉DELHI SULTANATE

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Sikandar Lodi built Lodi Gardens in Delhi, which still exists today.
✔️ He was known for beautifying the city and patronizing architecture.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Ibrahim Lodi – Last Lodi ruler, defeated by Babur in 1526.
❌ C) Bahlul Lodi – Focused on military expansion, not gardens.
❌ D) Muhammad bin Tughlaq – Known for failed policies, not architecture.

📜 Summary of Key Takeaways

🔹 Firoz Shah Tughlaq imposed Jizya tax on Brahmins.
🔹 Bahlul Lodi founded the Lodi Dynasty.
🔹 Alauddin Khilji called himself "Sikandar-e-Sani" (Second Alexander).
🔹 Sikandar Lodi was known for religious tolerance and built Lodi Gardens.
🔹 Firoz Shah Tughlaq shifted the capital back to Delhi from Daulatabad.
🔹 Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah was the last Khilji ruler.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Sikandar Lodi built Lodi Gardens in Delhi, which still exists today.
✔️ He was known for beautifying the city and patronizing architecture.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Ibrahim Lodi – Last Lodi ruler, defeated by Babur in 1526.
❌ C) Bahlul Lodi – Focused on military expansion, not gardens.
❌ D) Muhammad bin Tughlaq – Known for failed policies, not architecture.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah (1316–1320) was the last ruler of the Khilji dynasty.
✔️ He was weak and extravagant, leading to his assassination by Khusro Khan.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Alauddin Khilji – A powerful Khilji ruler but not the last.
❌ B) Jalaluddin Khilji – The founder of the dynasty, not the last ruler.
❌ D) Malik Kafur – A general of Alauddin Khilji, not a ruler.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Firoz Shah Tughlaq moved the capital back to Delhi after Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s failed Daulatabad experiment.
✔️ He focused on rebuilding Delhi, restoring canals, and constructing new cities.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Alauddin Khilji – Never shifted the capital.
❌ C) Muhammad bin Tughlaq – Shifted the capital to Daulatabad, but not back.
❌ D) Balban – Focused on military rule, not administrative changes.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517) was known for a balanced religious policy.
✔️ He patronized Persian culture and improved administration.
✔️ He promoted the Persian language and literature.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Alauddin Khilji – Focused on military and economic policies, not religious tolerance.
❌ C) Firoz Shah Tughlaq – Imposed Jizya tax on Brahmins, following strict Islamic policies.
❌ D) Ibrahim Lodi – Last Lodi ruler, known for military failures, not tolerance.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Alauddin Khilji declared himself Sikandar-e-Sani (Second Alexander) due to his military conquests.
✔️ He successfully expanded the empire into Gujarat, Rajasthan, Malwa, and the Deccan.
✔️ He defeated Mongol invasions multiple times.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ B) Muhammad bin Tughlaq – Known for failed experiments, not military expansion.
❌ C) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq – Focused on administration and infrastructure, not war titles.
❌ D) Balban – Strict ruler but did not claim such a title.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Bahlul Lodi (1451-1489) founded the Lodi Dynasty, the last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
✔️ He was originally the governor of Punjab under the Sayyid dynasty.
✔️ He expanded the empire and strengthened administration.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Khilji Dynasty – Founded by Jalaluddin Khilji, not Bahlul Lodi.
❌ B) Sayyid Dynasty – Last ruler Alauddin Alam Shah was defeated by Bahlul Lodi.
❌ D) Tughlaq Dynasty – Founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, not connected to the Lodis.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first Delhi Sultan to impose Jizya tax on Brahmins, who were earlier exempted.
✔️ Jizya was a tax imposed on non-Muslims in an Islamic state.
✔️ He followed orthodox Islamic policies, unlike some of his predecessors.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Alauddin Khilji – Collected heavy taxes but did not impose Jizya specifically on Brahmins.
❌ C) Muhammad bin Tughlaq – Initially imposed Jizya but later focused on other tax reforms.
❌ D) Balban – More focused on law and military discipline, not taxation policies.

✔️ Hauz Khas was built by Alauddin Khilji to supply water to Siri Fort.

🚫 Why others are wrong?
❌ B) Firoz Shah Tughlaq – Restored old reservoirs but didn’t build Hauz Khas.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Amir Khusrau, known as the “Parrot of India”, was patronized by Alauddin Khilji.
✔️ He wrote in Persian and Hindi and introduced Qawwali music.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Balban – Patronized Persian literature, but not Khusrau.
❌ C) Iltutmish – Patronized scholars, but not Khusrau.
❌ D) Firoz Shah Tughlaq – Known for welfare, not poetry.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Alauddin Khilji built Siri, the second city of Delhi, to defend against Mongol invasions.
✔️ It had strong fortifications and military bases.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ B) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq – Built Tughlaqabad, not Siri.
❌ C) Balban – Had no major city-building projects.
❌ D) Firoz Shah Tughlaq – Built Firozabad, not Siri.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Alauddin Alam Shah was the last ruler of the Sayyid dynasty.
✔️ He was weak and abandoned Delhi, allowing Bahlul Lodi to take over.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Khizr Khan – Founder of Sayyid dynasty, not last ruler.
❌ B) Mubarak Shah – An earlier Sayyid ruler, but not the last.
❌ C) Muhammad Shah – Predecessor of Alam Shah, not the last ruler.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced Diwan-i-Kohi to improve agriculture.
✔️ He provided loans to farmers (Takkavi loans) and encouraged cultivation.
✔️ The policy failed due to lack of proper implementation and droughts.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Firoz Shah Tughlaq – Focused on irrigation and welfare, not agriculture departments.
❌ B) Balban – Focused on military and law & order, not farming.
❌ D) Alauddin Khilji – Focused on market control and military expansion.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414) ruled for 94 years, the longest among Delhi Sultanate dynasties.
✔️ Famous rulers included Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, and Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
✔️ They expanded the empire but also faced rebellions and economic failures.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Slave Dynasty – Ruled for 84 years (1206-1290), shorter than Tughlaqs.
❌ C) Khilji Dynasty – Lasted only 30 years (1290-1320).
❌ D) Lodhi Dynasty – Ruled for 75 years (1451-1526).

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Razia Sultana (1236-1240) was the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
✔️ She was appointed by her father, Iltutmish, due to her capability.
✔️ She faced opposition from nobles and was eventually defeated and killed.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Rani Durgavati – She was a Gond queen, not a Delhi Sultan.
❌ C) Chand Bibi – She was the ruler of Ahmednagar, not Delhi.
❌ D) Noor Jahan – Wife of Mughal emperor Jahangir, not a ruler herself.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Ghiyasuddin Balban followed the "Blood and Iron Policy" to maintain strict law and order.
✔️ He crushed rebellions, eliminated nobles who opposed him, and strengthened the central authority.
✔️ He introduced the concept of divine kingship to enhance his power.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Iltutmish – Known for introducing Iqta system, not military repression.
❌ B) Alauddin Khilji – Focused on military expansion and economic policies, not Blood & Iron.
❌ D) Muhammad bin Tughlaq – Known for failed experiments, not harsh policies.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
✔️ He was defeated by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat (1526), leading to the establishment of the Mughal Empire.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Alauddin Khilji – Ruled earlier, known for military conquests.
❌ B) Muhammad bin Tughlaq – A failed ruler, but not the last.
❌ D) Sikandar Lodi – A Lodi ruler, but he ruled before Ibrahim.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced copper coins as token currency to replace silver.
✔️ This failed because people started forging fake coins, leading to economic collapse.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Balban – Strengthened the army, but no monetary reforms.
❌ C) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq – Founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, but no token currency.
❌ D) Ibrahim Lodi – Last ruler of Delhi Sultanate, defeated by Babur in 1526.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Muhammad bin Tughlaq moved the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (in Maharashtra) to control the Deccan.
✔️ The forced migration of people caused immense hardship, leading to failure.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Alauddin Khilji – Expanded the empire but never shifted the capital.
❌ C) Firoz Shah Tughlaq – Moved capital to Firozabad, not Daulatabad.
❌ D) Sikandar Lodi – Founded Agra, but didn’t shift the capital.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Alauddin Khilji introduced the Market Control Policy to stabilize prices and prevent inflation.
✔️ He fixed prices for grains, cloth, horses, and other goods.
✔️ Strict punishments were given for black marketing.

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Firoz Shah Tughlaq – Known for public works and irrigation but not market reforms.
❌ C) Muhammad bin Tughlaq – Introduced token currency, not price control.
❌ D) Balban – Focused on law and order, not economic policies.

📝 Explanation:

✔️ Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210) was the founder of the Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty and the first Sultan of Delhi.
✔️ He was a general of Muhammad Ghori and became the ruler after Ghori’s death.
✔️ He started the construction of Qutb Minar and was known as Lakhbaksh (giver of lakhs).

🚫 Why others are wrong?

❌ A) Iltutmish – He was Aibak’s successor and consolidated the empire.
❌ C) Balban – He was a later ruler known for his strong administration.
❌ D) Muhammad Ghori – He invaded India but never ruled directly.