MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY
TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE
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(PALAS, PRATIHARAS, RASHTRAKUTS)
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Category: TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE ( palas , Pratiharas , Rashtrakutas )
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✔️ Gopala was the first ruler of the Pala dynasty, elected by regional chieftains.✔️ He established political stability in Bengal after a period of anarchy.✔️ His son Dharmapala later expanded the empire.
❌ A) Dharmapala – He was Gopala’s son and successor, not the founder.❌ C) Mihira Bhoja – He belonged to the Pratihara dynasty.❌ D) Dantidurga – Founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, not the Palas.
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✔️ The Palas ruled Bengal and Bihar.✔️ Their capital was at Pataliputra (Patna) and later at Vikramashila.✔️ They were known for Buddhist patronage and university development.
❌ A) Pratiharas – They ruled western and central India, not the east.❌ B) Rashtrakutas – They were based in the Deccan region.❌ D) Chalukyas – Another Deccan-based dynasty, not involved in this struggle.
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✔️ Amoghavarsha (814–878 CE) was a great patron of Jainism.✔️ He wrote the Kavirajamarga, one of the earliest Kannada literary works.✔️ He encouraged Jain scholars and promoted Jain teachings.
❌ A, B, D) Other Rashtrakuta rulers focused more on military conquests.
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✔️ The Pratiharas were successful in stopping Arab invasions into North India.✔️ They blocked the advance of the Umayyad Caliphate in the 8th century.✔️ This prevented Islam from spreading into the Gangetic plains at that time.
❌ A) Greek invasions – Happened much earlier during Alexander's time (4th century BCE).❌ B) Hun invasions – Took place in the Gupta period (5th century CE).❌ D) Mongol invasions – Happened much later (13th century CE) during the Delhi Sultanate.
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✔️ Dharmapala (Pala dynasty) established Vikramashila University, a key center of Buddhist learning.✔️ It became a major center for Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism.✔️ It was located in present-day Bihar.
❌ A) Gopala – Founded the Pala dynasty but did not establish this university.❌ C) Mihira Bhoja – A Hindu ruler, not linked to Buddhist institutions.❌ D) Amoghavarsha – A Rashtrakuta ruler who patronized Jainism, not Buddhism.
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✔️ Mihira Bhoja was one of the most powerful rulers of the Pratihara dynasty.✔️ He expanded the empire and strengthened defenses against Arab invasions.✔️ He took the title "Adivaraha" (a form of Lord Vishnu).
❌ A) Palas – Ruled Bengal, but Mihira Bhoja was not from this dynasty.❌ C) Rashtrakutas – They were based in the Deccan, and Mihira Bhoja was their rival.❌ D) Chalukyas – Different Deccan dynasty, not involved in the struggle.
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✔️ Govinda III (793–814 CE) invaded North India and defeated both Palas and Pratiharas.✔️ He temporarily captured Kannauj, showing Rashtrakuta dominance.✔️ His campaign extended Rashtrakuta influence into the Ganges valley.
❌ A) Dantidurga – Founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, but did not capture Kannauj.❌ B) Krishna I – Known for building the Kailasa temple, not conquests in North India.❌ D) Amoghavarsha – Focused on literature and administration rather than wars.
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✔️ The Palas were great patrons of Buddhism, especially Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism.✔️ They established Nalanda and Vikramashila universities.✔️ Many Buddhist texts were written and preserved under their rule.
❌ A) Hinduism – Palas tolerated Hinduism but mainly promoted Buddhism.❌ C) Jainism – More associated with Rashtrakutas.❌ D) Islam – Came to India later, during the Delhi Sultanate period.
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✔️ The Pala dynasty initially ruled from Pataliputra (modern Patna).✔️ Later, capitals included Vikramashila and Gauda (Bengal).✔️ The Palas were strong supporters of Buddhism.
❌ A) Ujjain – Capital of Pratiharas for some time.❌ C) Kannauj – The main reason for the Tripartite Struggle, but not a Pala capital.❌ D) Ajmer – Associated with Chauhans, not the Palas.
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✔️ Krishna I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty built the Kailasa Temple at Ellora.✔️ It is one of the largest monolithic rock-cut temples in the world.✔️ The temple was dedicated to Lord Shiva.
❌ A) Pratihara – Known for temple architecture but not Ellora.❌ B) Pala – Known for Buddhist monasteries and universities, not Hindu temples.❌ C) Chalukya – Known for Badami cave temples, but not Ellora.
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✔️ Govinda III (793–814 CE) defeated Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty and the Pratihara ruler Nagabhata II.✔️ His victory temporarily weakened both the Palas and Pratiharas.✔️ However, Rashtrakutas could not establish permanent control over Kannauj.
❌ A) Krishna I – More known for art and temple construction.❌ B) Dantidurga – Rashtrakuta founder but not involved in the Kannauj conflict.❌ D) Amoghavarsha – Focused on administration and literature, not military conquests.
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✔️ Nagabhata I (8th century) established the Pratihara dynasty in western India.✔️ He successfully repelled Arab invasions from Sindh.✔️ He ruled from Avanti (modern Ujjain) and later expanded his rule.
❌ B) Mihira Bhoja – A later ruler of the Pratihara dynasty, not its founder.❌ C) Mahendrapala I – Successor of Mihira Bhoja, known for territorial expansion.❌ D) Bhoja II – A later, weaker Pratihara ruler.
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✔️ Mihira Bhoja expanded Pratihara power and strengthened defenses.✔️ He took the title "Adivaraha", associated with Lord Vishnu.✔️ His rule saw economic prosperity and temple construction.
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✔️ The long struggle weakened all three dynasties, making way for new powers like the Cholas and Ghaznavids.✔️ By the 10th century, all three had declined.✔️ Mahmud of Ghazni later invaded India and defeated the Pratiharas.
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